Like people, buildings age. Even under the best of circumstances, weather – particularly water, in the form of rain, snow, and ice – followed by or combined with extremes in temperature can do permanent damage to facades, cornices, parapets and other ornamental features, as well as to rear and side elevations. These problems can be exacerbated by design flaws or neglected maintenance. Often, it’s not until a thorough inspection, a leak issue – or worse, an incident where something falls from a facade and strikes someone on the ground below – that the signs of a problem become evident. That’s why it’s so crucial that the signs are noticed before damage is done.

The Causes of Facade Deterioration

“Structurally, a lot of issues we come across may be due to improper design,” says Rhocel Bon, a senior associate at Klein & Hoffman, a national engineering firm with offices in Chicago and  Philadelphia. “We see flaws resulting from design, and even more from lack of maintenance, or deferred maintenance. With brick buildings for example, if there isn’t a tuckpointing program, you’ll find that after some years, the mortar joints start to weather. Water enters the wall cavity, which can cause problems to the underlying steel.”

Tuckpointing is a maintenance method for mortar joints that involves removing the outer inch or so of existing mortar and replacing it with new mortar. The existing mortar must be tested first, to insure that the strength of the new and old mortar is the same. Bon explains that applying replacement mortar that is stronger than the original material will only cause additional problems. The same is true of the converse; the new mortar shouldn’t be weaker than the old mortar either.

“Most of the time, the biggest factor in New York City—as well as other cold climates—is the freeze,” says Eric Janczyk of Nova Restoration, a facade maintenance and restoration company located in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn. “Both heat and cold have their own issues. In winter, you have the snow and ice hitting the building, and moisture can infiltrate the building. Then it freezes up and can expand, causing pressure from within the walls, that can in turn cause areas of the facade to bulge and displace. Rain can also get behind the bricks, which can create structural issues behind the facade. Exposure to the elements – sun, wind, rain, and snow – impacts sealants, making them age more quickly. The sealants can become ‘gummy.’ This is especially true on east-facing facades and elevations. Be it cold or warm weather, water can then cause erosion of the underlying steel.”

Another cause of deterioration on facades is pollution, though that damage is mostly aesthetic. The effects of pollution on stone – particularly limestone – are well known. It can turn the normally buff-colored stone black. The stone is porous and made more so by the effects of pollution, further weakening the facade and facilitating water infiltration leading back to the problems described above.

The Useful Life of a Facade 

‘Useful life’ is a concept from accounting and appraisal that assesses how long something can realistically last, given the environmental stressors and regular wear-and-tear it’s subjected to on a daily basis. Nothing lasts forever – and different building components have different useful lives. For example, the useful life of a roof might be 25 to 30 years, while the longevity of a boiler might be 40 or even 50 years. According to Janczyk: “The life of a facade is initially 50 to 60 years – but many buildings built in the 1970s didn’t demonstrate that. A lot of them were constructed with poorly-made glazed brick, and a lot of them are need of repair now. In those buildings, the useful life of the facade is more like 25 or 30 years. That’s the result of poor construction and/or poor materials. Who built a property, when it was built, and what it was built of are all major factors.”

Repairing and Maintaining Your Facade

Both Janczyk and Bon suggest that facades, as well as side and rear elevations, be inspected for damage assessment every three to five years, whether they fall under required local inspection guidelines or not. They both agree that newer buildings should be inspected a little more often than not, as older buildings were simply built better.

If a problem or defect is found, in most cases the first step will be to install a building canopy—also known as a sidewalk shed or a girdle—to prevent anyone from being struck by falling building materials. Over the past few decades there have been incidents of facade collapse causing fatal injuries all over the country. These tragedies could have been avoided with regularly scheduled inspections and the installation of canopies. While no-one likes the canopies, and many municipalities are seeking to limit the time an owner can keep one up around their building, they are a necessary eyesore. “Despite complaints, we are not overdoing it with canopies,” says Janczyk.

“The first priority,” says Bon, “is to secure any kind of hazard that may fall. Then we go up with scaffolding and touch the surface to see if anything is displaced. With masonry you are looking for corrosion, rust, etc. We check the sealant around parapets and windows. Terracotta is difficult to inspect, because much of the seal isn’t visible. We test it by sound and feel. We do something similar with concrete. We tap it. Dilapidated concrete has a distinct sound.”

Beginning restoration work depends on what problems are found. Much of it also depends on the client and how soon they want to act – which is one reason sidewalk canopies often stay up so long. The cost of repairs can be high, and the property owner may want to protect against liability from falling debris, but not complete the work immediately. Bon says he has seen building owners and administrators delay recommended work for as long as a year, depending on the client’s financial situation and sense of urgency. 

For his part, Janczyk points out that it makes sense to complete all the work necessary at one time regardless of the costs, because if you don’t, each time you do some portion of the work, you will have to put up and take down the canopy, which is a very expensive proposition. “Once you’ve done the mobilization for the project, it’s best to finish it at one time,” he advises.

Landmarks

Landmark buildings, common in all cities, present special challenges for facade restoration. “Matching materials is especially important for landmark buildings, though we try to do it everywhere,” says Bon. “Local landmark authorities will insist on at least somewhat similar products for repair. For instance, if you have a terracotta building, they want you to use terracotta for any needed repairs. There are other materials that mimic terracotta and that the Chicago Landmarks Commission will approve, but for the most part officials want us to use the same materials.” 

Janczyk details the process: “If it’s a landmark, when the architect files for a permit with the Department of Buildings, they must also file plans with the Landmarks Commission. Landmarks reviews it, and you need to follow their guidelines. They  are looking for the aesthetics, and may specify that they want materials approval. We then have to give them samples.”

Bon adds that “even when a building isn’t a landmark, a good architect or engineer will attempt to match materials to keep a facade looking uniform and attractive.” He also points out that due to weathering and normal aging, no brand-new brick will exactly match the patina of the old brickwork.

And Then There’s Cleaning...

In addition to damage that might need to be repaired, facades should be cleaned at regular intervals to remove dust, pollution stains, and other aging factors that dull its original brilliance. Victor Cruz, a former account manager with Cliffhangers, a Massachusetts-based firm that provides cleaning services for facades and windows throughout New England, said: “Different surfaces present different types of cleaning problems; the most difficult surface to clean is stucco – but even glass can get permanently stained. The frequency of cleaning depends on the owners, but we believe it helps keep up curb appeal.”

Bon mentions that glass buildings should also be inspected for facade damage on a regular basis. He says that when a replacement piece is needed, “we use the same type of glass if available to get the same kind of reflectiveness from the street. You don’t want the replacement to look like replacement glass.”

What co-op and condominium owners should keep in mind when it comes to facade maintenance and restoration is that like any component of your property, the facade must be keep intact and properly maintained. Not doing so can only lead to more serious problems – and early signs of those problems are rarely noticeable to the untrained eye, to say nothing of the difficulty of seeing them from street level. As with all major systems, it’s vital to keep your capital reserve adequately funded against a major problem, and to have inspections done regularly. And stop harping on those sidewalk sheds – they’re there to keep you safe.

AJ Sidransky is a staff writer/reporter for The Cooperator, and a published novelist.